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Published On: Nov 29, 2007 02:37 PM
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Collet Barker
The Mount Barker township, region and mountain,
on the south eastern outskirts of the Mount Lofty ranges, was named by Captain
Charles Sturt, after Captain Collet Barker, of the 39th Regiment (Barker's
compatriot and friend Captain Charles Sturt was a fellow officer). Barker was
speared to death by three Ngarrindjerri men near the mouth of the Murray River
on 30th April, 1831.
Less well known is Barker's previous experience
as a commandant and friend of Aboriginal people at Raffles Bay in Australia's
north, and at King George's Sound in Western Australia. Barker had come out to
Sydney with the 39th Regiment on the convict ship
Phoenix
in 1828 but he spent less than a month there before being posted to Raffles Bay
on the Coburn Peninsula, east of present day Darwin. There were hopes of
establishing a trading port along the lines of Singapore at this remote
location, but only modest contact with Macassan traders ensued during Barker's
tenure, and the settlement was abandoned when Barker was transferred to King
George's Sound in 1829. At both settlements Barker was friend, researcher, and
documenter of the original inhabitants.
The duties of Commandant at these
settlements were extremely challenging. Responsibilities included supervision of
troops, convicts and assorted civilian employees, as well as handling all
matters relating to discipline and punishment. Extensive record keeping,
inventories, and reports consumed a lot of his time, yet Barker's interest in
indigenous culture saw him assemble a comprehensive list of names, words, and
observations, unmatched by contemporaries of the period. Barker had almost daily
contact with Aboriginal people at both settlements, and at times accompanied
them on explorations for days on end as the sole white participant. Barker
forbade the mention of deceased Aboriginal people's names in deference to their
custom, and attended the funeral of his friend Tarragon 'to shew my sympathy
with them' and sat by the corpse 'mingling my tears with theirs.' Under the
circumstances, his death, while exploring in South Australia on his way back to
Sydney in April 1831, was particularly tragic and
ironic.The epic journey of Charles
Sturt during the summer of 1829-30 when he followed the course of the Murray
River from N.S.W. to its termination into the Southern Ocean was directly
related to Barker's fateful expedition some fifteen months later. When Sturt's
party sailed into Lake Alexandrina on 9th February 1830, they sighted the
dramatic outcrop we now know as Mount Barker Summit to the north - west, but
because Sturt's chronometer had been damaged, he was unable to take an accurate
reading of its location. He mistakenly assumed it to be Mount Lofty Summit,
which had been named by Captain Matthew Flinders as he mapped the South
Australian coast in the
Investigator
in 1802. Sturt's report on his return to Sydney, including that of the Murray's
disappointing merge with the ocean, (totally unsuitable as a useful port
entrance), kindled interest in the southern region, including the question as to
whether there might be another outlet from the river into St Vincent's Gulf.
Sturt's mapping of what he took to be Mount Lofty, obviously at odds with
Finder's charts, was another mystery to be solved, as well as further
investigation into whether the region was suitable for settlement.
Sturt saw the summit to the N/W as he
sailed into Lake AlexandrinaBy 1810
there was, to some extent, some early 'unofficial' settlement already taking
place, on Kangaroo Island in South Australia, in the form of a motley crew of
whalers, sealers, escaped convicts, and some Aboriginal women from both van
Diemen's Land, and the nearby mainland. Not all of these women were residing
with the sealers at their own volition, a circumstance which was to be of fatal
consequence for Collet Barker.When
Barker was recalled to Sydney, via the schooner
Isabella
at the end of his King George's Sound tenure, he was asked to conduct further
exploration of the southern coast and the Murray mouth on the way. Anchoring
near the mouth of the previously unknown Onkaparinga River, Barker and his party
ventured inland. They discovered and named the Sturt River (after his friend)
and climbed Mount Lofty Summit, from where they sighted the inlet which would
eventually become the Port of Adelaide. They also discovered that the view to
the distant lakes and river mouth was obscured by another mountain, the one
Sturt had mistaken for Mount Lofty. A dramatic feature of the landscape, and
isolated from the rest of the Mount Lofty Ranges, Barker would never know what
importance this rugged outcrop was to the indigenous locals, though he surely
would have had his suspicions.
The Onkaparinga Mouth, 'discovered' by
Barker in 1831.Returning to the ship,
the party spent the next few days exploring the gulf, including the future port.
Sailing on to safe anchorage at Yankalilla Bay on the 27th April, they set out
on foot across the Flueireu Peninsula, joining the beach at present day Goolwa,
and continued on to the mouth of the Murray, arriving late on the afternoon of
29th April. They camped for the night, and the next morning Barker, the only
strong swimmer, made his fateful decision to swim across the mouth. He
undressed, and with a compass strapped to his head, he set off.
Barker took almost ten minutes to swim
the 200 metre channel, and after reaching the opposite shore, he climbed a large
sand dune, estimated to be more than sixty feet high, and took some readings. He
waved to his comrades, and disappeared over the dune, and was never seen again.
The remainder of the party, Barker's batman Private James Mills, commissariat
officer Kent, two soldiers and two convicts waited in great apprehension for
Barker's return. Captain Sturt's summary of Kent's version of the tragedy is
best reproduced in full at this
point.
Kent's Version, as written up by Charles
Sturt.There is a
sand-hill to the eastward of the inlet, under which the tide runs strong, and
the water is deep. Captain Barker judged the breadth of the channel to be a
quarter-of-a-mile, and he expressed a desire to swim across it to the sand-hill
to take bearings, and to ascertain the nature of the strand beyond it to the
eastward.It
unfortunately happened that he was the only one of the party who could swim
well, in consequence of which his people remonstrated with him on the danger of
making the attempt
unattended.Notwithstanding,
however, that he was seriously indisposed, he stripped and after Mr Kent had
fastened his compass on his head for him, plunged into the water, and with
difficulty gained the opposite side; to effect which took him nine minutes and
fifty-eight seconds. His anxious comrades saw him ascend the hillock, and take
bearings; he then descended the farther side, and was never seen by them
again.For a
considerable time, Mr Kent remained stationary, in momentary expectation of his
return; but at length, taking the two soldiers with him, he proceeded along the
shore in search of wood for a fire. At about a quarter-of-a-mile, the soldiers
stopped and expressed their wish to return as their minds misgave them, and they
feared that Captain Barker had met with some accident. While conversing, they
heard a distant shout, or cry, which Mr Kent thought resembled the call of the
natives, but which the soldiers positively declared to be the voice of a white
man.On their return to
their companions, they asked if any sounds had caught their ears, to which they
replied in the negative. The wind was blowing from the E-SE, in which direction
Captain Barker had gone; and, to me, the fact of the nearer party not having
heard that which must have been his cries for assistance, is satisfactory
accounted for, as, being immediately under the hill, the sounds must have passed
over their heads to be heard more distinctly at the distance at which Mr Kent
and the soldiers stood. It is more than probable that while his men were
expressing their anxiety about him, the tearful tragedy was enacting which it
has become my painful task to
detail.Evening closed
in without any signs of Captain Barker's return, or any circumstance by which Mr
Kent could confirm his fears that he had fallen into the hands of the natives.
For whether it was that the tribe which had shown such decided hostility to me
when on the coast had not observed the party, none made their appearance; and if
I exept two who cross channel when Mr Kent was in search of wood, they had
neither seen or heard any; and Captain Barker's enterprising disposition being
well known to his men, hopes were still entertained that he was safe. A large
fire was kindled, and the party formed a silent and anxious group around it.
Soon after night-fall, however, their attention was roused by the sounds of the
natives, and it was at length discovered that they had lighted a chain of small
fires between the sand-hill Captain Barker had ascended and the opposite side of
the channel, around which their women were chanting their melancholy dirge. It
struck upon the listeners with an ominous thrill, and assured them of the
certainty of the irreparble loss they had sustained. All night did those dismal
sounds echo along that lonely shore, but as morning dawned they ceased, and Mr
Kent and his companions were again left in anxiety and doubt. They, at length,
thought it most advisable to proceed to the schooner to advise with Doctor
Davis. They traversed the beach with hasty steps, but did not get on board till
the following day. It was then determined to procure assistance from the Sealers
on Kangaroo Island, as the only means by which they could ascertain their
leader's fate, and they accordingly entered American
Harbour.For a certain
reward, one of the men agreed to accompany Mr Kent to the mainland with a native
woman, to communicate with the tribe that was supposed to have killed him. They
landed at or near the rocky point of Encounter Bay, where they were joind by two
other natives, one of whom was blind. The woman was sent forward for
intelligence and on her return gave the following
details:It appears that
at a very considerable distance from the first sand-hill, there is another to
which Captain Barker must have walked, for the woman stated that three natives
were going to the shore from their tribe, and that they crossed his tract. Their
quick perception immediately told them it was an unusual impression. They
followed upon it, and saw Captain Barker returning. They hesitated for a long
time to approach him, being fearful of the instrument he carried. At length,
however, they closed upon him. Captain Barker tried to soothe them, but finding
they were determined to attack him, he made for the water from which he could
not have been very distant. One of the blacks immediately threw a spear and
struck him in the hip. This did not, however, stop him. He got among the
breakers, when he received the second spear in the shoulder. On this, turning
around, he received a third full in the breast: with such deadly presision do
these savages cast their weapons. It would appear that the third spear was
already on its flight when Captain Barker turned, and it is to be hoped that it
was at once mortal. They rushed in, and dragging him out by the legs, seized
their spears, and inflicted innumerable wounds upon his body; after which they
threw it into deep water and the sea-tide carried it
away.Such, we have
every reason to believe, was the untimely fate of this amiable and talented
man.
Further information not mentioned
in the Sturt/Kent report was the names of the sealers, (there were apparently
two who gave assistance) George Bates and a a man called Warley, or Henry
Wallen. These two were paid the sum of twelve pounds one shilling and sixpence
for their assistance. Sturt also does not mention the names of the spearmen,
also revealed by the investigating party. They were named as Cummarringeree,
Pennegoora and Wannangetta. George Bates, in an interview with the
Adelaide Advertiser
some fifty-five years later, revealed some
startling further insight about the way in which information on Barker's death
was obtained. According to Bates, he clad himself in a white sheet when they
came across a party of natives camped at night. He emerged from the night with
ghostly moans, causing the party to flee in all directions, and a sixteen year
old girl ran straight into the arms of Warley . He gagged and secured her, and
they learnt that Barker had been speared to death and hidden in the scrub by the
natives (at odds with the other version). Significantly, Bates says that the
black girl was claimed by Warley as his property, and was taken back to his Hog
Bay settlement on Kangaroo Island as an involuntary companion. It is not known
whether Barker's party knew of or tolerated this action. This of course, was
almost certainly the type of behaviour towards the Ngarrindjerri people which
had facilitated Barker's death.It was
Sturt who named the hill he had previously assumed to be Mount Lofty, Mount
Barker - in honor of his friend. There are monuments to Barker in Mount Barker
township, at the Murray mouth on Hindmarsh Island, at the mouth of the
Onkaparinga River, and at St James's church in Sydney. It was no doubt the
illegibility of Barker's journals, un-transcribed for over 150 years which
delayed the recognition of Barker's contribution to inter-racial relationships
so ahead of his time. The revelation of his remarkable past magnifies the tragic
circumstances of his death. It is a contribution which has something to say to
us
all.Much
of the information used for the writing of this article came from
Commandant of Solitude
by Mulvaney and Green, 1992., and
History in Portraits, Biographies of
nineteenth century South Australian Aboriginal
People by Simpson and Hercus,
1998.
Posted: Thu - November 29, 2007 at 02:34 PM
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